Three hundred years before a multiracial coalition stormed Washington’s National Mall to demand equal rights and economic justice, the workingmen of Gloucester County, Va., made a stand of their own based on class, not race. We often ask whether Martin Luther King, Jr. would recognize the world in 2013, but it is equally valid to ask whether he would have recognized the world of 1663, when Black and White children of slaves and servants did play together in the tobacco fields.
One of the forgotten landmarks of civil rights history occurred 350 years ago on Sept. 1, 1663. This day marks the first recorded instance of African slaves and European indentured servants standing together for justice against the ruling elite.
The Gloucester County Conspiracy took place at a time when Virginia tobacco growers relied on both slaves and indentured servants to farm tobacco. Management treated their workers with cruel abandon, regardless of color.
Unwilling to accept their fate, a group of Black and White workers met in secret to plan a revolt. After securing weapons and a drum, they would “march from house to house” until they reached the mansion of Royal Gov. Sir William Berkeley. They would demand their freedom, and resort to force if necessary.
Though the plot failed, the landowners recognized the power that the Gloucester rebels possessed when banded together. Over the next several decades, they sought to breed racial contempt between the White and Black members of the underclass. On the plantation level, they gave Whites nominal control in the field. On the colony level, they allowed Whites to join the militia and carry firearms. As historian Edmund Morgan writes, the landowners used racism as a device for control.
On this 350th anniversary, the Gloucester Rebellion can teach us as much about our character as the March on Washington.
The rebels in Gloucester recognized what King memorialized in his famous remarks: we are, by our nature, capable of great things when we judge one another solely on the content of our character, not by the color of our skin.
The original state of race relations in America is one of shared struggle, not mutually assured destruction. It is ultimately the introduction of an outside variable (money, power, or the desire for control) that tends to alter that natural state.
It turns out that 2013 is a perfect year for this lesson. The fight for voting rights is making its own 50th anniversary curtain call, in the form of the Supreme Court’s decision in Shelby County v. Holder and countless voter suppression laws that affect African Americans but also Americans of all colors, ages and incomes. The failed War on Drugs continues to destroy families in Black inner city America, and, increasingly, White rural America.
Finally, 45 years after King was killed in the midst of his Poor People’s Campaign, low-wage workers of all hues are organizing across geographic and demographic lines to demand a higher minimum wage.
Politics is a lot like physics. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, and objects in motion eventually return to their original state. As we tackle these challenges, let us consider that the original state of race relations in America may be one of unity—and that the possibility of moving beyond our nation’s legacy of racism is obtainable.
In his 1869 speech ‘Our Composite Nationality,’ Frederick Douglass wrote about the unique phenomenon and mission of America. On this anniversary, let us remember his words: “Our geographical position, our relation to the outside world, our fundamental principles of government…our vast resources, requiring all manner of labor to develop them, and our already existing composite population, all conspire to one grand end, and that is to make us the most perfect national illustration of the unity and dignity of the human family, that the world has ever seen.”
(Benjamin Todd Jealous is the president/CEO of the national NAACP.)
